COMP 105 Homework: Type Systems

Due Wednesday, April 1, at 11:59 PM.

The purpose of this assignment is to help you learn about type systems.

Setup and Guidelines

Make a clone of the book code:
  git clone linux.cs.tufts.edu:/comp/105/build-prove-compare
You will need copies of build-prove-compare/bare/tuscheme/tuscheme.sml and build-prove-compare/bare/timpcore/timpcore.sml.

As in the ML homework, use function definition by pattern matching. In particular, do not use the functions null, hd, and tl.

Two problems to do by yourself

6. Do Exercise 6 on page 289 of Ramsey: add lists to Typed Impcore. The exercises requires you to design new syntax and to write type rules for lists. I expect your type rules to be deterministic. Turn in this exercise in PDF file lists.pdf.

I recommend that you do Exercise 1 first (with your partner). It will give you more of a feel for monomorphic type systems.

Hint: Exercise 6 is more difficult than it first appears. I encourage you to scrutinize the lecture notes for similar cases, and to remember that you have to be able to type check every expression at compile time.

Here are some things to watch out for:

Exercise 12 on page 290. Do Exercise 12 on page 290 of Ramsey: write exists? and all? in Typed uScheme. Turn in this exercise in file 12.scm.

Four problems to do with a partner

1. Do Exercise 1 on page 288 of Ramsey: finish the type checker for Typed Impcore by implementing the rules for arrays. Turn in this exercise in file timpcore.sml.
My solution to this problem is 21 lines of ML.

17. Do Exercise 17 on page 291 of Ramsey: extend Typed uScheme with a type constructor for queues and with primitives that operate on queues. As it says in the exercise, do not change the abstract syntax, the values, the eval function, or the type checker. If you change any of these parts of the interpreter, your solution will earn No Credit.

I recommend that you represent each queue as a list. If you do this, you will be able to use the following primitive implementation of put:

   let fun put (x, NIL)          = PAIR (x, NIL)
         | put (x, PAIR (y, ys)) = PAIR (y, put (x, ys))
         | put (x, _)            = raise BugInTypeChecking "non-queue passed to put"
   in  put
   end

Turn in the code for this exercise in file tuscheme.sml, which should also include your solution to Exercise 14 below. Please include the answers to parts (a) and(b) in your README file.

Hint: because empty-queue is not a function, you will have to modify the initialEnvs function on page 285a. that page shows two places you will update: the <primitive functions for Typed μScheme ::> and the <primitives that aren't functions, for Typed μScheme ::>.
My solution to this problem, including the implementation of put above, is under 20 lines of ML.

14. Do Exercise 14 on page 290 of Ramsey: write a type checker for Typed uScheme. Turn in this exercise in file tuscheme.sml, which should also include your solution to Exercise 17 above. Don't worry about the quality of your error messages, but do remember that your code must compile without errors or warnings. There is an error on p. 283 of the textbook with respect to the type of typeof. The error is corrected in this handout. The code in

 linux.cs.tufts.edu:/comp/105/build-prove-compare/tuscheme/tuscheme.sml
has been corrected. If you have a copy where the type of typeof doesn't match the type in the handout, you should update your sources.
My solution to this problem is about 120 lines of ML. It is very similar to the type checker for Typed Impcore that appears in the book. If I had given worse error messages, it could have been a little shorter.

T. Create three test cases for Typed uScheme type checkers. In file type-tests.scm, please put three val bindings to names e1, e2, and e3. (A val-rec binding is also acceptable.) After each binding, put in a comment the words "type is" followed by the type you expect the name to have. If you expect a type error, instead put a comment saying "type error". Here is an example (with more than three bindings):

(val e1 cons)
; type is (forall ('a) ('a (list 'a) -> (list 'a)))    (NEW NOTATION)

(val e2 (@ car int))
; tyep is ((list int) -> int)                          (NEW NOTATION)

(val e3 (type-lambda ('a) (lambda (('a x)) x)))
; type is (forall ('a) ('a -> 'a))                     (NEW NOTATION)

(val e4 (+ 1 #t)) ; extra example
; type error

(val e5 (lambda ((int x)) (cons x x))) ; another extra example
; type error
If you submit more than three bindings, we will use the first three.
Each binding must be completely independent of all the others. In particular, you cannot use values declared in earlier bindings as part of your later bindings.
PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU FOLLOW THE ABOVE DIRECTIONS EXACTLY.

How to build a type checker

For your type checker, it would be a grave error to copy and paste the Typed Impcore code into Typed uScheme. You are much better off simply adding a brand new type checker to the tuscheme.sml interpreter. Use the techniques presented in class, and start small.

The only really viable strategy for building the type checker is one piece at a time. Writing the whole type checker before running any of it will make you miserable. Instead, start with small pieces similar to what we'll do in class:

  1. It's OK to write out a complete case analysis of the syntax, but have every case raise the LeftAsExercise exception. This trick will start to get you a useful scaffolding, in which you can gradually replace each exception with real code. And of course you'll test each time.

  2. You can begin by type-checking literal numbers and Booleans.

  3. Add IF-expressions as done in class.

  4. Implement the VAL rule for definitions, and maybe also the EXP rule. Now you can test a few IF-expressions with different types, but you'll need to disable the initial basis as shown below.

  5. Implement the rule for function application. You should be able to test all the arithmetic and comparisons from class.

  6. Implement LET binding. The Scheme version is slightly more general than we covered in class. Be careful with your contexts. Implement VAR.

  7. Once you've got LET working, LAMBDA should be quite similar. To create a function type, use the funtype function in the book.

  8. Knock off SET, WHILE, BEGIN.

  9. Because of the representation of types, function application is a bit tricky. Study the funtype function and make sure you understand how to pattern match against its representation.

  10. There are a couple of different ways to handle LET-STAR. As usual, the simplest way is to treat it as syntactic sugar for nested LETs.

  11. Knock off the definition forms VALREC and DEFINE. (Remember that DEFINE is syntactic sugar for VALREC.)

  12. Save TYAPPLY and TYLAMBDA for after the last class lecture on the topic. (Those are the only parts that have to wait until the last lecture; you can have your entire type checker, except for those two constructs, finished before the last class.)

Finally, don't overlook section 6.6.4 in the textbook. It is only a few pages, but it is chock full of useful functions and representations that are already implemented for you.

Let me suggest that you replace the line in the source code

      val basis   = (* ML representation of initial basis *)
with
      val basis_included = false
      val basis = if not basis_included then [] else
With luck this will enable you to test things.

Before submitting, turn the basis back on.

Other advice

Here's some generic advice for writing any of the type-checking code, but especially the queues:
  1. Compile early.
  2. Compile insanely often.
  3. Use an editor that jumps straight to the location of the error.
  4. Come up with examples in Typed uScheme.
  5. Figure out how those examples are represented in ML.
  6. Keep in mind the distinction between the term language (values of queue type, values of function type, values of list type) and the type language (queue types, function types, list types).
  7. If you're talking about a thing in the term language, you should be able to give its type.
  8. If you're talking about a thing in the type language, you should be able to give its kind.

Avoid common mistakes

Here are some common mistakes:

A few words about difficulty and time

In Exercise 6 on page 289, I am asking you to create new type rules on your own. Many students find this exercise easy, but many find it very difficult. My sympathy is with the difficult camp; you haven't had much practice creating new rules on your own.

Exercise 12, writing exists? and all? in Typed μScheme, requires that you really understand instantiation of polymorphic values. Once you get that, the problem is not at all difficult, but the type checker is very, very persnickety. A little of this kind of programming goes a long way.

Exercise 1, type-checking arrays in Typed Impcore, is probably the easiest exercise on this homework. You need to be able to duplicate the kind of reasoning and programming that we did in class for the language of expressions with LET and VAR.

Exercise 17, adding queues to Typed μScheme, requires you to understand how primitive type constructors and values are added to the initial basis. And it requires you to write ML code that manipulates μScheme representations. Study the way the existing primitives are implemented!

Exercise 14, the full type checker for Typed µScheme, presents two kinds of difficulty:

For the first item, we'll talk a lot in class about the concepts and the connection between type theory and type checking. For the second item, it's not so difficult provided you remember what you've learned about building big software: don't write it all in one go. Instead, start with a tiny language and grow it very slowly, testing at each step.

What to submit for your joint work with your partner

For your joint work with your partner, run submit105-typesys-pair from a directory that contains the following files: timpcore.sml, tuscheme.sml, and type-tests.scm. In addition to your code, please provide a short README file which describes, at a high level, the design and implementation of your solutions.

What to submit for your individual work

Provide another README file containing the following information:
  1. Your name
  2. The names of any collaborators
  3. The number of hours you spent on the assignment
When you are ready, run submit105-typesys-solo to submit your work, which should include README, lists.pdf and 11.scm. All files are mandatory.

How your work will be evaluated

We will use auto-grading to evaluate the functional correctness of your code. We will use the test cases that you submit to evaluate everyone's type checker. You will get points for every bug that your test case triggers. As for structure and organization, we will use the same criteria as in previous homework assignments.